Peasants had no use for literacy, and people who did such as artisans, businessmen and professionals were few in number – as late as 1851, only 8% of Russians lived in cities. Each province of the Empire, except Central Asia, returned a certain number of members; added to these were those returned by several large cities. Exiled Jesuits set up elite boarding schools until their order was expelled in 1815. In order to repress further revolts, censorship was intensified, including the constant surveillance of schools and universities. The Army and the church had its own training programs, narrowly focused on their particular needs. [80] For the rest of the century, the national government continued to focus on universities, and generally ignore elementary and secondary educational needs. From the 10th through the 17th centuries, the land was ruled by a noble class, the boyars, and subsequently by an emperor. The question of Russia's direction had been gaining attention ever since Peter the Great's program of modernization. Her actions included the support of the Targowica Confederation. The total valuation is then divided into three equal parts, representing three groups of electors very unequal in number, each of which elects an equal number of delegates to the municipal duma. But the "unlimited autocracy" had given place to a "self-limited autocracy". Only a small percentage of the population lived in towns. The Tsar eventually decided to take personal command of the army and moved to the front, leaving his wife, the Empress Alexandra in charge in the capital. The Emperor never explicitly recognized Finland as a constitutional state in its own right, however, although his Finnish subjects came to consider the Grand Duchy as one. State service was abolished, and Catherine delighted the nobles further by turning over to them most state functions in the provinces. The Russian patriotic press used the Polish uprising to unify the Russian nation, claiming it was Russia's God-given mission to save Poland and the world. By the middle of 1915, the impact of the war was demoralizing. When the procession reached the palace, soldiers opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds. The parochial clergy had to be married when appointed, but if left widowers were not allowed to marry again; this rule continues to apply today. The promise of modernization in the service of autocracy frightened the socialist intellectual Alexander Herzen who warned of a Russia governed by "Genghis Khan with a telegraph."[57]. These ratings determined who advanced to the finale. [citation needed] According to another point of view, the term Tsardom, which was used after the coronation of Ivan IV in 1547, was already a contemporary Russian word for empire. Everyday, the players are allowed to share a status update, explaining their thoughts for the day. To the East it had the Asiatic territories of the Empire, Siberia and the Kyrgyz steppes, from both of which it was separated by the Ural Mountains, the Ural River and the Caspian Sea — the administrative boundary, however, partly extending into Asia on the Siberian slope of the Urals. In 1894 municipal institutions, with still more restricted powers, were granted to several towns in Siberia, and in 1895 to some in Caucasia. Textbooks were strictly regulated by the government. [38] However, Britain became alarmed when Russia threatened Afghanistan, with the implicit threat to India, and decades of diplomatic maneuvering resulted, called The Great Game. The Imperial Standard of the Tsar, used from 1858 to 1917. Moreover, a democratic element was introduced by the adoption of the jury system and – so far as one order of tribunal was concerned – the election of judges. [70][68] Were peasants living in tens of thousands of small villages and a highly patriarchal system. 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